Match the problem to the example.
a. Contamination
b. Hawthorne effect
c. Placebo effect
d. Heterogeneous treatment effect
1. An exhibit was held at a school to try to increase art appreciation among students. Classes were randomly assigned to receive a guided tour or visit the exhibit with no guided tour. After school, some of the students visited the exhibit together, and some who went on the guided tour shared what they learned with their friends in the control group.
2. A researcher told employees of a company that he would be observing them and recording their conversation as part of a study about workplace practices. The members acted differently than they would have if the researcher was not there.
3. A therapist obtained permission from her patients to conduct an experiment: she would use new techniques learned at a conference and by reading cutting-edge research articles with the intervention group, and use her standard practices with the control group. The patients expressed more satisfaction with their weekly sessions regardless of whether they were in the treatment or control group.
4. A camp for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families was found to reduce anxiety among the children. However, the effect was stronger for children who had a sibling with them, and weaker for older children.
A. Contamination = An exhibit was held at a school to try to increase art appreciation among students. Classes were randomly assigned to receive a guided tour or visit the exhibit with no guided tour. After school, some of the students visited the exhibit together, and some who went on the guided tour shared what they learned with their friends in the control group.
B. Hawthorne effect = A researcher told employees of a company that he would be observing them and recording their conversation as part of a study about workplace practices. The members acted differently than they would have if the researcher was not there.
C. Placebo effect = A therapist obtained permission from her patients to conduct an experiment: she would use new techniques learned at a conference and by reading cutting-edge research articles with the intervention group, and use her standard practices with the control group. The patients expressed more satisfaction with their weekly sessions regardless of whether they were in the treatment or control group.
D. Heterogeneous treatment effect = A camp for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families was found to reduce anxiety among the children. However, the effect was stronger for children who had a sibling with them, and weaker for older children.
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