The shortness of breath and cyanosis that occur in clients experiencing acute heart failure syndrome are primarily caused by: Select all that apply
A) Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and airways
B) Lung stiffness
C) Worsening renal failure
D) Myocardial muscle necrosis
E) Impaired gas exchange
Ans: A, B, E
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Acute pulmonary edema is the most dramatic symptom of AHFS. It is a life-threatening condition in which capillary fluid moves into the alveoli. The accumulated fluid in the alveoli and airways causes lung stiffness, makes lung expansion more difficult, and impairs the gas exchange function of the lung. With the decreased ability of the lungs to oxygenate the blood, the hemoglobin leaves the pulmonary circulation without being fully oxygenated, resulting in shortness of breath and cyanosis. Worsening renal failure and MI may cause volume overload but are more likely secondary causes of chronic heart failure.
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