Describe the four different categories of hypoxia and give one example of each.
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: 1. Hypoxic hypoxia (also termed hypoxemia), in which the arterial PO2 is reduced
2. Anemic hypoxia or carbon monoxide hypoxia, in which the arterial PO2 is normal but the total oxygen content of the blood is decreased because of inadequate numbers of erythrocytes, deficient or abnormal hemoglobin, or competition for the hemoglobin molecule by carbon monoxide
3. Ischemic hypoxia (also called hypoperfusion hypoxia), in which blood flow to the tissues is too low
4. Histotoxic hypoxia, in which the quantity of oxygen reaching the tissues is normal but the cell is unable to utilize the oxygen because a toxic agent—cyanide, for example—has interfered with the cell's metabolic machinery.
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A) transverse processes. B) transverse foramina. C) facets for the articulation of ribs. D) notched spinous processes. E) costal cartilages.
This molecule provides the template for the process of transcription
a. mRNA b. rRNA c. tRNA d. DNA e. cDNA
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for nasotracheal intubation?
A) Apnea B) Spinal injury C) Frequent use of cocaine D) Patients taking an anticoagulant
Starting from the collecting duct, indicate the order in which urea molecules move to maintain the medullary concentration gradient. (1) ascending limb
(2) distal convoluted tubule (3) interstitial fluid (4) collecting duct (5) descending limb A. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 B. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 C. 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 D. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 E. 4, 3, 5, 1, 2