Which of the following is not considered an essential criterion for making cause-effect conclusions?
a. Covariation of variables
b. Statistical significance of results
c. Causal time sequence
d. Elimination of other plausible causes
b
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Jacob is trying to go to sleep. So, he tries to keep his eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible. This allows sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers performance anxiety. This technique is known as
a. stimulus control. b. sleep restriction. c. the paradoxical intention. d. the tryptophan effect.
Jessica is worried about the impact of her smoking habit on her health. After studying biological psychology, she knows that nicotine would have an effect on a. her peripheral nervous system only
b. her central nervous system only. c. both her peripheral and central nervous systems. d. neither her peripheral nor central nervous systems, because she only smokes a couple of cigarettes with friends during weekend parties.
In the prevention equations in Chapter 9, factors such as positive socialization practices and opportunities for relatedness/connectedness are
a. risk factors in Albee's individual equation. b. protective factors in Albee's individual equation. c. risk factors in Elias' environmental equation. d. protective factors in Elias' environmental equation.
What type of research did Masters and Johnson primarily conduct?
a) face-to-face surveys b) phone surveys c) laboratory investigations d) naturalistic observations