Describe the three specific areas of bias that can occur in testing.
What will be an ideal response?
Test bias
• Content bias: testing materials are more familiar to one group than another
Predictive bias: degree to which scores predict the criterion measure performance equally well among different groups
Bias in internal structure: occurs when factor structures for groups are inconsistent for scores across groups yield different relationships due to instrumentation
Test taker bias
• Language barriers
• Test familiarity
• Motivation
Examiner bias – how examiner’s beliefs and values may be impacting the assessment process
• The way a client is treated (intentionally or unintentionally) can influence their responses and assessment results
• Important for counselors to recognize their own biases when working with different people
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Systematic desensitization differs from graded exposure in that ______.
a. only graded exposure involves a hierarchy of feared stimuli b. graded exposure takes much longer than systematic desensitization c. only graded exposure involves classical conditioning d. systematic desensitization is essentially graded exposure plus relaxation training which produces an incompatible response to anxiety in the presence of a feared stimulus
Jason wanted to study the effect of drinking on test performance. He assigned one group of people to have a beer before writing a test and another group to have a glass of water before writing the same test. When Jason analyzed his data, he found his results were significant at an ? level of 5%. What does this mean?
A. The probability that the groups are different is less than 5%. B. The probability that the groups are the same is less than 5%. C. Jason fails to reject the null hypothesis. D. There was a large effect between the two groups.
Which of the following is NOT a source of stereotypes?
a. family teaching and examples b. media presentations c. religious teachings d. psychology textbooks e. all of the above
Passing along formal knowledge from one generation to the next and helping to socialize individuals are the functions of which social institution?
A. family and kinship B. education C. mass media D. religion