Which of the following statements concerning the ankle joint is true?
A. The calcaneus articulates with the tibia to form this joint.
B. Most common injuries to this joint occur because of a forceful inversion of the foot.
C. A capsule of hyaline cartilage surrounds the joint.
D. The lateral collateral ligament helps to stabilize this joint.
E. It is a pivot joint.
B
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A positive feedback loop is necessary in which of the following situations?
A) Childbirth B) Bleeding C) Coughing D) Blood pressure
Which of the following is the definition of a fomite??
A) ?Bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated water. B) ?Small worm that may be present in meat and which infects the intestinal tract. C) ?Person who experiences no symptoms, but can transmit an infection. D) ?Nonliving object that is contaminated with an infectious agent.
Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the motor control hierarchy?
A. The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex, as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. B. The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex, the primary motor cortex, muscle sensory receptors, and the basal nuclei. C. Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy. D. The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex, and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. E. Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program-a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement.
The defecation reflex
a. is initiated when mass movements force fecal material into the rectum, stimulating stretch receptors in the rectal wall. b. involves relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum. c. can be overridden by voluntary contraction of the external anal sphincter. d. both (a) and (b) above. e. all of these answers.