What was one important factor in Islam’s rapid spread after Muhammad’s death?
a. Rome’s collapse left the Middle East, eastern Europe, and central Asia leaderless.
b. Long-term warfare had exhausted the Byzantine and Persian Empires.
c. Non-Muslims eagerly embraced Islam as an alternative to paganism, in which they had lost faith.
d. Muslims viewed converting non-believers as a requirement for entrance to heaven.
Answer: b
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