In a patient with heart failure, which of the following occur as compensatory mechanisms to help maintain adequate blood flow out of the heart?
a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released.
b. Muscle mass of the heart decreases.
c. Kidneys activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
d. Urine output increases.
e. Heart muscles stretch to increase the force of myocardial contraction.
f. Oxygen demand of the heart is lowered.
ANS: A, C, E
A, C, and E. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated, and heart muscles stretch. B, D, and F. Muscle mass of the heart increases, urine output decreases, and the oxygen demand of the heart is increased.
You might also like to view...
While the nurse examines a patient's pupillary response to light in the right eye, the pupil in the left eye is constricted. What does this finding suggest to the nurse?
A) Myopia B) Presbyopia C) Direct reaction D) Consensual reaction
A new graduate wants to explore the three components of each heath care system before applying for a position. The graduate would plan to explore which of the following?
a. Strategy, outcome, and performance c. Structure, process, and outcome b. Process, strategy, and opportunity d. Outcome, procedure, and structure
A patient wants to donate organs after cardiac death. One hour after the withdrawal of life support the patient continues to breathe shallowly and has a slow heartbeat. What is the nurse's most appropriate response?
1. Call the patient's doctor to reintubate the patient. 2. Update the organ retrieval team that death is imminent. 3. Maintain hemodynamic stability to perfuse the donor's organs. 4. Allow death to occur naturally without organ donation.
A nurse is instructing a 25-year-old diabetic client regarding preventive foot care measures to be followed. Which of the following information should be included in client teaching?
A) Massage between the toes with a good quality lotion. B) Avoid any kind of physical exercise to prevent injury. C) Use heating pads and hot water bags to increase the circulation. D) Place lamb's wool between overlapping toes to prevent irritation.