Criminologists refer to an individual who has been victimized during the perpetration of a crime as a ______.
a. a completely innocent victim
b. a victim as guilty as the offender
c. the most guilty victim
d. the imaginary victim
c. the most guilty victim
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When the March of Dimes reinvented itself changing its focus from polio to prevention of birth defects, this is an example of which problem associated with organizations
a. growth versus control b. success versus longevity c. resource acquisition versus constituencies d. recruitment versus retention
If an officer cannot determine in a domestic dispute who is the most culpable individual, both parties may be placed under arrest
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of the following is an example of a gratuity that acts as a form of police corruption?
A. bribes B. kickbacks C. discounts D. cover payments
According to the differential association-reinforcement theory of Ronald Akers, criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of ________.
a. frustration b. heightened expectancies that are innate in the individual c. social reinforcements given by significant others d. classical conditioning e. modeling prosocial actions