Explain the differences among the terms paracrine, autocrine, hormone, and cytokine.
What will be an ideal response?
Discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Hormones are chemical messengers that are traditionally defined as being secreted by specialized cells into the blood and transported via the circulatory system to distant cells and tissues. Paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers diffuse only very short distances through interstitial fluid. Cytokines may act both at local and long-distance targets.
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Which special movement occurs when you bend your foot at the ankle in the direction of the foot's superior surface as would occur when you stand on your heels?
a) Inversion b) Eversion c) Dorsiflexion d) Plantar flexion e) Supination
Define monogastric
What will be an ideal response?
The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule
A) are closely associated with unusual smooth muscle fibers. B) reabsorb water and reabsorb or secrete sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions. C) are not permeable to water and solutes. D) are unusually tall, and their nuclei are clustered together. E) reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid.
The cerebellum relies on information from all of the following except
A) the eyes. B) the inner ear. C) proprioceptive sensations. D) upper motor neurons. E) lower motor neurons.