Which of the following best characterizes Western presence in Africa and Asia by 1750?
a. Westerners had toppled indigenous political powers and set up direct rule of extensive colonial holdings.
b. Western presence was limited to coastal forts.
c. Westerners had failed to establish a lasting and pervasive presence
d. Substantial immigration of Europeans into Asian and African societies served as a basis for Western dominance.
e. Conversion of a majority of Africans and Asians to Christianity made military conquest redundant.
Answer: c. Westerners had failed to establish a lasting and pervasive presence
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