Along with gas exchange and nutrient transfer, the placenta produces many hormones necessary for normal pregnancy. These include (select all that apply)
a. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
b. Insulin
c. Estrogen
d. Progesterone
e. Testosterone
A, C, D
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Correct hCG causes the corpus luteum to persist and produce the necessary
estrogens and progesterone for the first 6 to 8 weeks. Estrogens cause
enlargement of the woman's uterus and breasts; cause growth of the ductal
system in the breasts; and, as term approaches, play a role in the initiation
of labor. Progesterone causes the endometrium to change, providing early
nourishment. Progesterone also protects against spontaneous abortion by
suppressing maternal reactions to fetal antigens and reduces unnecessary
uterine contractions. Other hormones produced by the placenta include
hCT, hCA, and a number of growth factors.
Incorrect Human placental lactogen promotes normal nutrition and growth of the
fetus and maternal breast development for lactation. This hormone
decreases maternal insulin sensitivity and utilization of glucose, making
more glucose available for fetal growth. If a Y chromosome is present in
the male fetus, hCG causes the fetal testes to secrete testosterone necessary
for the normal development of male reproductive structures.
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