Discretion increases as one moves down the police organization. For this reason, patrol officers have been described as
A. process bureaucrats.
B. street-level justices.
C. first-level judges.
D. street-level bureaucrats.
Answer: D
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How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories?
a. The major determinants of behavior are seen as co-existing in the individual and the environment b. The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the individual c. The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment d. There is no major difference
Probation is not considered to be a sentence but rather a disposition of the case
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Many integrated theories are also intended to be general theories of criminal behavior. 2. One major criticism of some integrated theories is that they attempt to combine conflicting assumptions. 3. According to Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory, stigmatization results in a breakdown of informal social control and lack of legitimate opportunities, making criminal subcultures more attractive to offenders. 4. Robert Agnew's general strain theory was intended to be an extension of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory. 5. The integrated general theory offered by Agnew incorporates ideas from individual difference, process, and structural theories.
A person who continually violates the law and shapes his or her life around the concept of criminality is referred to as a "passive-life criminal."
Indicate whether the statement is true or false