When a participant guesses (correctly or incorrectly) the hypothesis that is being tested and behaves in a way believed to be appropriate to that hypothesis, _____ are present in the study
a. hypothetical judgments c. demand characteristics
b. deductive modifications d. cooperative adjustments
C
Demand characteristics occur when features of the experiment cause the participant to think s/he knows what the experiment is about. This knowledge then affects the participant's behavior.
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Why are studies that seem to demonstrate the phenomenon of implicit memory important?
a. They indicate that memory can only affect behavior when there is conscious remembering. b. They show that unconscious mental processes really do not exist. c. They represent a research technique that enables scientists to study unconscious processes. d. They provide objective evidence for the existence of a dissociative disorder. Answer: c.
Before a new medication is approved for sale to the public, researchers must determine its ________.
a. validity b. efficacy c. effectiveness d. reliability
When it comes to close interpersonal relations, ____ relationships tend to be more mature, and more indicative of long-term success, than ____ relationships
a. exchange; distributive b. communal; exchange c. distributive; communal d. exchange; pragmatic
In one study described in the text, students were asked to wear a Barry Manilow t-shirt during conversation with other students. The study demonstrated the spotlight effect by showing that
A) those wearing the shirt overestimated the likelihood other students would notice their t-shirt. B) those wearing the shirt underestimated the likelihood other students would know the singer's name. C) other students attributed negative characteristics to the student wearing the salient shirt. D) other students paid less attention to the content of what was said by the student wearing the t-shirt.