What best describes early encounters between European traders and West/Central African states?
a) trade with the Portuguese and Spanish who initially posed little threat compared to internal struggles or other powerful regional states
b) rapid invasion and conquest by technologically advanced European powers such as France and England
c) the start of a long-running battle between Portugal, Spain, and the West African kingdoms over control of the coastal waters
d) largely tied to competition between Islam and Christianity for influence and followers in the region
Answer: a
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