What were the plants and animals exchanged between the Old and New Worlds? How were people a part of this exchange?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Exchange of plants and animals
1. Columbus brought back descriptions and samples of New World plants,
including pineapple and cassava or manioc in first voyage in 1492
2. Columbus's second transatlantic voyage in 1493, he took sugarcane to
Hispaniola and let it grow wild
3. pigs, sheep, cattle, chickens, and wheat made their first appearance in
the New World
4. Eurasia to the western and southern hemispheres went wheat, sugar, rice,
bananas, coconuts, apples, pears, apricots, peaches, plums, cherries,
olives, citrus fruits, wine-yielding grapes, and major meat-yielding and
dairy livestock
5. yams and okra made the crossing from Africa
6. Transplantations turned much of the Americas into farmland for food
for European palates and digestions, and ranch land for European livestock
a. first stage was colonization by European weeds and grasses that
made parts of the New World able to support sheep, cattle, horses
b. horses and cattle came first
7. wheat arrived and the lower levels of the central valleys of the
American sierras proved highly suitable and wheat bread became a
badge of urban sophistication
8. cane sugar was the first transplanted product to America to have a
major impact on world markets
a. coffee—and, ultimately, tea and chocolate—followed
9. Americas supplied medicinal plants for Africa and Eurasia
10. important gifts of the New World to the rest, because they could feed
vast populations—were maize, potatoes, and sweet potatoes
11. ecological exchanges happened within the Americas
a. domesticated turkeys were introduced to New England from
Mexico later in the seventeenth century
B. Human involvement
1. plants and animals that survived deadly journeys and adapted to new
climates did so with little human help
a. traveled in the cuffs or pleats of clothing or the fabric of sacks
2. there were conscious transplants
a. once needs were established, markets moved more transplants to
favorable climates for success
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