The nurse is assisting a pregnant patient learn gating control mechanisms to control pain during labor. Which techniques will the nurse teach the patient? (Select all that apply.)
A) Distraction
B) Reducing anxiety
C) Receiving an epidural
D) Cutaneous stimulation
E) Use of patient-controlled analgesia
A, B, D
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The gate control mechanisms of pain control are capable of halting an impulse at the level of the spinal cord so the impulse is never perceived at the brain level as pain. Techniques that can assist gating mechanisms are distraction, reduction of anxiety, and cutaneous stimulation. An epidural and use of patient-controlled analgesia are not techniques to assist the gating mechanism for pain control.
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a. bend over a table and cough. b. lie supine with knees slightly flexed. c. lie supine with legs extended. d. stand and cough vigorously.
Family development is marked by a series of stages and tasks. Tasks such as development of increasing autonomy for the children, a refocusing on midlife marital and career issues, and a growing concern for the older generation are characteristics of which
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