Preconception counseling is a growing trend in health care with the goal being to secure the best outcome for mother, fetus, and significant others through good prenatal care and teaching that:
a. teratogens can affect fetal development during any trimester.
b. the placenta prevents teratogens from passing to the fetus.
c. teratogens are all man-made, preventable, and do not include viruses or bacteria.
d. smoking has been shown to have no effect on fetal development.
A
Teratogens are chemical or physiological agents capable of having adverse effects on the fetus. Exposure to potential teratogens can affect fetal development during any of the trimesters; however, vulnerability is increased during the first trimester when fetal cells are differentiating and organs are forming. Because the placenta is extremely porous, teratogens pass easily from mother to fetus. Some examples of teratogens are viruses, drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter, and street drugs), alcohol, and environmental pollutants, such as lead. The fetal effect of these harmful agents depends on the developmental stage in which exposure takes place. In addition, there is evidence that mothers who smoke deliver infants with lower birth weights than nonsmoking mothers.
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