Researchers have found that children who use private speech are
A. less alert and aware of their surroundings.
B. at the upper end of the zone of proximal development.
C. socially maladjusted.
D. more attentive and more likely to improve their performance.
Answer: D
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You attend a presentation on cognitive development. The speaker says that he believes children are naturally curious and want to explore the environment. The speaker has clearly been influenced by the theoretical ideas of _____.
A. Piaget B. Erikson C. Bandura D. Freud
Shelby is teaching her child to tie his shoes. Instead of rewarding him only when he completes the task, she rewards him for small successes along the way, such as crossing the laces, then making a loop, then tying the bow. What is this technique called?
a. behavior modification c. successive approximations b. success rewards d. task approximations
________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
a. A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student b. A kiss; money c. Water; food d. A gold star; cupcake e. a gift card; a cake
Which of the following contributed most to the secrecy surrounding menstruation in 19th century middle class America?
a. Girls reached menarche at a later age than today. b. There were no feminine hygiene products. c. Girls reached menarche at an earlier age than today and could not fully understand it. d. People associated menstruation with sexuality and tried to preserve girls' "innocence."