Discuss The Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
What will be an ideal response?
This study was intended to follow the natural course of syphilis, specifically in African American males. The study spanned 40 years, beginning in 1932 and ending in 1972. It was originally hypothesized that there were differences by race in the natural progression of syphilis (Thomas & Quinn, 1991). The study was designed to last for 6 to 9 months and was conducted in Macon, Alabama. The Alabama state health officer solicited assurance from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) that participants would eventually receive treatment (Thomas & Quinn, 1991). However, the participants in this study never received treatment, even though treatment was available as early as 1943, when the USPHS began administering penicillin as a treatment for syphilis across the country. One reason given for not providing treatment was that of the attitudes of the officials who were overseeing the study. For example, Dr. John Heller, Director of the Division of Venereal Diseases, stated that: “the men’s status did not warrant ethical debate, they were subjects not patients, clinical material, not sick people” (Jones, 1981, p. 179). The Tuskegee study was ended in 1972 when it became public that these men had had standard, effective medical treatment withheld. Numerous other reasons were cited for the treatment these men received, and many centered on the attitudes of the medical community toward those of different races, particularly African Americans (Gamble, 1993; Thomas & Quinn, 1991). For example, Gamble (1993) stated that certain assumptions about African Americans led to the unethical treatment of subjects in this study, such as beliefs that African Americans are promiscuous, lustful, and generally do not seek out medical treatment. Consequently, not providing medical treatment was justified in the minds of the study officials. It has been estimated that 28 to 100 of the participants died as a consequence of their untreated syphilis (Gamble, 1993).
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The fact that many Black families are not "nuclear" in today's society is a result of
a. low socio-economic status. b. separation during slave trade. c. influences in the modern day media. d. Black slaves trading their children for money.
Transcrisis points tend to occur in
a. regular intervals. b. response to unconditioned aversive stimuli. c. unpredictable intervals. d. progressively increasing incidents.
The primary goal for identifying a common core of academic experiences is:
a. provide training for the unique applications of counseling techniques b. enhance the extent to which counseling professionals will create professional identities related to their areas of specialization c. provide a set of academic experiences that are viewed as foundational to all counseling professionals regardless of specialization d. pressure graduate programs in providing academic experiences that are insensitive to cultural or geographic differences
Research suggests that roughly ____ to ____% of happiness isaccounted for by genetics
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word