Which statement regarding sampling error and sampling bias is accurate?
1. Sampling bias occurs by chance.
2. Sampling error and sampling bias are synonymous.
3. Sampling bias may be defined as the difference between data obtained from a simple random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population were measured.
4. Sampling error may be contained in sample data even when the most careful random sampling procedure has been used to obtain the sample.
4
Rationale 1: Sampling bias occurs when samples are not selected carefully. Sampling error is caused by chance variations when a sample is chosen to represent a population. Sampling error occurs by chance.
Rationale 2: Sampling error is caused by the chance variations that may occur when a sample is chosen to represent a population. Sampling bias occurs when samples are not carefully selected by researchers.
Rationale 3: The difference between data obtained from a simple random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population were measured is the definition of sampling error.
Rationale 4: This is a true statement. Sampling error is not under the researcher's control. It is caused by chance variations that may occur when a sample is chosen to represent a population.
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