How did the Chinese, Russian, Persian, and Mughal empires turn back the tide of steppelander peoples?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Turning back of the steppelander people
1. northern and Central Asia, the political background was of a shift of power
a. steppeland imperialism waned and the growing strength and
reach of settled empires in China, Persia, and Russia squeezed
the pastoralists' domains
2. new attempts to galvanize the power of the steppelanders, by a
succession of leaders who claimed descent from Genghis Khan or his
heroic lieutenants, brought little success
3. most new imperial initiatives remained penned inside the steppes
a. Safavid defeat of the Uzbeck
4. Mongols found it impossible to reunite their power for long enough, or
in sufficient strength, to renew a lasting threat to China
5. military revolution that accompanied the rise of firepower technology
a. large forces of well-drilled, fire-armed infantry, with heavy
artillery behind scientifically designed fortifications, made
"gunpowder empires" invulnerable to steppeland cavalry
6. demographic change also favored the settled peoples
a. populations grew faster than those of pastoralists
7. progress of Islam and Buddhism in Central Asia supposedly eroded the
ideologies of conquest that had animated earlier steppeland empires
8. changes in the pattern of trade
a. cut off some of the liquid wealth that mobilized nomad war bands
9. steppelanders got weaker relative to the empires that surrounded them
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