Some have argued that giving an external reward for a
particular action will cause intrinsic motivation to repeat that action to decrease. In other words, if you reward someone for doing something that they want to do, they will experience a reduction in the desire to repeat that action. Others have suggested that intrinsic motivation does not actually decrease but that their reluctance to repeat the activity is better explained by the contrast effect. This points out to us the importance of the critical thinking concept of
A) ruling out rival hypotheses.
B) Occam's Razor.
C) correlation versus causation.
D) extraordinary claims.
Answer: A
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A number of research studies have investigated gender differences in physiological and behavior reactions to stress. The evidence from these studies suggests that in comparison to males, females typically:
a. have a weaker physiological response to stress b. display tend-and-befriend as their primary response, rather than fight-or-flight c. enter Selye's exhaustion stage much sooner d. show stronger and more widespread physiological reactions to stress
When Marcia was in high school, all she had to do to make an A on a test was to study the printed notes for about 20 minutes. For her first test in college, Marcia tried this same study technique and received a grade of F. After this experience, Marcia took her instructor's advice and began using the SQ4R method to read her textbook and the LISAN method for taking notes. This change in Marcia's
study technique illustrates a. assimilation. b. accommodation. c. generativity. d. conservation.
In Lambert and Ogles's (2004) conceptualization of common factors in psychotherapy, risk taking and mastery are
a. excluded. b. considered support factors. c. considered learning factors. d. considered action factors.
As early as age 6, children
A) recognize the importance of individual rights for maintaining a fair society. B) view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights. C) regard laws that discriminate against individuals as sometimes right. D) express very few prejudices, typically deciding in favor of kindness and fairness.