Provide an example of classical conditioning in young infants. Why is this type of learning useful?
What will be an ideal response?
? Before learning takes place, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must consistently produce a reflexive, or unconditioned, response (UCR). In our example, the stimulus of sweet breast milk (UCS) resulted in sucking (UCR).
? To produce learning, a neutral stimulus that does not lead to the reflex is presented just before, or at about the same time as, the UCS. The mother stroked the baby's forehead as each nursing period began. The stroking (neutral stimulus) was paired with the taste of milk (UCS).
? If learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus alone produces a response similar to the reflexive response. The neutral stimulus is then called a conditioned stimulus (CS), and the response it elicits is called a conditioned response (CR). We know that the baby has been classically conditioned because stroking his forehead outside the feeding situation
(CS) results in sucking (CR).
If the CS is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the UCS, the CR
will no longer occur, an outcome called extinction.
-helps infants to associate events that usually occur together in the everyday world.
-has survival value—for example, learning which stimuli regularly accompany feeding.
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