The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________.
hydrogen and ammonium ions
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
excessive amounts of water
All of the listed responses are correct.
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
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Taking NSAID pain relievers like aspirin or ibuprofen for several weeks disrupts prostaglandin hormone signalling to cells in the stomach. This causes an interruption in production of the protective inner coating of the stomach, which leads to ulcers and further acid erosion. Which gastric cells are being affected by prolonged use of NSAID pain relievers?
A. Parietal cells B. Chief cells C. Mucous cells D. Microvilli
What are the three major types of protein fibers that are woven through the interstitial fluid?
a. collagen, chondroitin, elastin b. fibronectin, lecithin, fibrinogen c. elastin, lecithin, chondroitin d. collagen, elastin, and fibronectin e. fibrinogen, collagen, chondroitin
Any agent that interferes with water absorption or that causes water secretion into the gastrointestinal tract can cause diarrhea
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
During an action potential, an increase in membrane permeability to Na+ leads to a _______ followed by an increase in permeability to K+ that leads to a _______ of the membrane and a slight afterhyperpolarization.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).