Define and explain the nature of necessary cause and sufficient cause and distinguish between the two.
What will be an ideal response?
Theories are devised to explain how a number of different correlates may actually be causally related to crime and criminality rather than simply associated with them. We emphasize that when we talk of causes we do not mean that when X is present Y will occur in a completely prescribed way. We mean that when X is present, Y has a certain probability of occurring and perhaps only if X is present along with factors A, B, and C. In many ways, crime is like illness because there may be as many routes to becoming criminal as there are to becoming ill. In other words, criminologists have never uncovered a necessary cause (a factor that must be present for criminal behavior to occur and in the absence of which criminal behavior has never occurred) or a sufficient cause (a factor that is able to produce criminal behavior without being augmented by some other factor).
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Which economic theory is used in crime analysis? It basically says that people have preferences in outcomes
A) Routine Activity Theory B) Critical Social Theory C) Normative Sponsorship Theory D) Rationale Choice Theory
According to the rational choice theory, an individual is likely to commit a crime if he or she:
A. possesses the practical and emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity. B. feels a disconnect from society because of the breakdown or absence of social norms. C. cannot reach his or her financial and personal goals through legitimate means. D. perceives the benefits of committing the crime to be greater than the potential costs.
The preferred power tactic used most often when dealing with either superiors or subordinates is ________.
A. coalition and cooperation tactics B. reason C. legitimating tactics D. pressure tactics
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Victimology uses the scientific method to answer questions about victims 2. Victimology is a science. 3. Males are more likely to be victimized; however, this gender gap is becoming less evident. 4. One difference between male and female victims is the amount of violence in the crime against them. 5. Persons of certain races or ethnic groups are at a lower risk of experiencing violent victimizations than others.