Explain how a father's behavior may influence prenatal development.
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer would include the following key points:
- Fathers should avoid smoking because secondhand smoke may affect the mother's health, and in turn, this affects the unborn child. Fathers' smoking has been linked to lower birthweight in babies.
- A father's use of alcohol and drugs may impair sperm and may lead to chromosomal damage that may affect the fetus at conception.
- Use of alcohol and drugs, as well as physical and/or emotional abuse, may increase stress in the mother's (and therefore the unborn child's) environment.
- A father's exposure to environmental toxins such as lead or mercury may cause toxins to bind to sperm and cause birth defects.
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