Which of the following symptomatology is reflective of a lower urinary tract infection? (Select all that apply.)
1. Chills and fever
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Frequency or urgency
4. Cloudy or blood-tinged urine
5. Pelvic tenderness or flank pain
6. Burning or pain when voiding
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Clients with lower UTIs have pain or burning during urination (dysuria) as urine flows over in-flamed tissues. Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and malaise develop as the infection worsens. An irritated bladder (cystitis) causes a frequent and urgent sensation of the need to void. Irritation to bladder and urethral mucosa results in blood-tinged urine (hematuria). The urine appears concen-trated and cloudy because of the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) or bacteria. If infection spreads to the upper urinary tract (kidneys—pyelonephritis, a serious renal condition), flank pain, tenderness, fever, and chills are common.
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