How did rulers of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires respond to the rising influence of the West in world affairs after 1500?
a. A tendency to underestimate Western capacities led to a failure to adopt Western military, technological, and scientific advances.
b. Highly centralized drives to confront the West on the high seas thwarted Western encroachment on trade routes and port cities.
c. They pursued increased diplomatic and military dependence on Ming and Qing dynasties in China to organize resistance to Western domination.
d. Adoption of firearms and artillery enabled coordinated assaults on the homelands of the Western merchants.
e. Gender roles in the Muslim empires began to more closely matched Western models, in particular greater opportunities for secular education.
Answer: a. A tendency to underestimate Western capacities led to a failure to adopt Western military, technological, and scientific advances.
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