In a true experimental design:
a. every threat to the validity of the conclusions reachedis eliminated.
b. treatmentsto different samples are implemented with significant variations.
c. the validity of a conclusion is confirmed if a threat is plausible.
d. an independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to assess the effect of the manipulation on a dependent variable.
d
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At a minimum an ecosystemic crisis may pervade an entire community. (p. 654)
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
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