Describe B. F. Skinner's behavioral approach to learning.
What will be an ideal response?
In American psychology, B. F. Skinner's (1938) view, which built on Thorndike's ideas, strongly influenced educational psychology in the middle of the century. Skinner's behavioral approach involved attempts to precisely determine the best conditions for learning. Skinner argued that the mental processes proposed by psychologists such as William James and John Dewey were not observable and therefore could not be appropriate subject matter for a scientific study of psychology, which he defined as the science of observable behavior and its controlling conditions. In the 1950s, Skinner (1954) developed the concept of programmed learning, which involved reinforcing the student after each of a series of steps until the student reached a learning goal.
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Childhood is a time of
a. discovery b. uncovering new ideas c. recovering early knowledge d. all of the above
When they met in literature circles, some second grade students used inappropriate language and did not discuss the selected books. After observing this behavior, the principal the correctly advised their teacher to:
a) discontinue use of literature circles b) eliminate discussion and ask the students to write their responses c) coach the students and model positive group behavior d) select more challenging books for the students to read
One way for a teacher to help children see their place in the classroom is to:
a. Discuss each child's family at circle time b. Have children bring family pictures to class c. Send children home with forms for parents to complete d. Send weekly emails about the child's positive behavior
What is the effect size (Cramér’s 
) for a 3 × 3 table for N = 150 and a chi-square value = 9.49?
a. .25
b. .06
c. .03
d. .18