Why do studies using difference scores tend to have larger effect sizes than studies using other research designs?
A) There is a long-standing procedural bias in psychology to set up studies involving dependent means in such a way as to artificially favor large effect sizes.
B) The standard deviation of difference scores is usually small.
C) Participants provide their own baseline, causing the effect size to increase.
D) Studies with dependent means usually include many participants, larger effect sizes are easily detected.
Answer: B
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