List and describe the four stages that occur during both the cellular and humoral response

What will be an ideal response?


Stage 1 is antigen presentation. Antigen-presenting cells process and present antigens to T cells. B cells can directly interact with antigens without presentation by another cell. Stage 2 is lymphocyte activation. Successful antigen presentation causes the release of signaling molecules called cytokines which act on both T and B lymphocytes. Stage 3 involves lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Activated lymphocytes undergo many rounds of cell division to generate a collection of cloned cells. These cells may differentiate into effector cells or memory cells. Stage 4 is antigen elimination and memory. Effector cells will carry out activities to eliminate the antigen, while memory cells endure in lymphatic tissue long after the antigen has been eliminated. Memory cells provide a rapid recognition of the antigen if it is encountered in the future.

Biology & Microbiology

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The radioactive decay of an isotope can be best compared to a ____

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Biology & Microbiology

The triploid tissue that results from double

fertilization becomes the a. endosperm. b. zygote. c. new sporophyte. d. gametophyte. e. seed coat.

Biology & Microbiology

What is the phenotype and genotype of the chicks?

What will be an ideal response?

Biology & Microbiology

Emperor penguins use a huddling behavior to conduct heat efficiently. Similarly, honeybees conduct heat within their hives by huddling together and then changing positions from the center of the huddle to the edges in order to keep heat circulating. When

it is warm, however, the bees transport water into their hives and then beat their wings in order to make ________ cooling possible. A) conductive and convective B) isotonic and convective C) evaporative and convective D) evaporative and conductive

Biology & Microbiology