Which are important considerations when spinal anesthesia is being administered? (Select all that apply.)
a. Encouraging the patient to remain supine after the procedure
b. Having epinephrine available in case of adverse effects
c. Injecting a local anesthetic into the sacral region
d. Placing the agent into the spinal column outside the dura mater
e. Using an anesthetic solution from a sin-gle-dose vial
A, B, E
Spinal anesthesia frequently causes headache; these headaches are posture-dependent and can be relieved by having the patient assume a supine position. Epinephrine is used if significant hypo-tension occurs as an adverse effect of spinal anesthesia and should be kept nearby. All anesthesia used in spinal anesthesia must be preservative free, so it would be drawn up from a single-dose vial. Spinal anesthesia is produced by injecting local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space with injection made in the lumbar region below the termination of the cord. Epidural anesthesia is in-jected into the spinal column outside the dura mater.
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