Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. An individual must be caught and labeled before primary deviance occurs.
2. If a label or stigma is not placed on a young or first-time offender, then the more serious and frequent offending of secondary deviance will not take place.
3. Labeling theory perspective assumes that people who are labeled offenders have virtually no choice but to conform to the role they have been assigned by society.
4. Studies have shown more support for the influence of formal labeling on individuals’ behavior.
5. Labeling theory is also referred to as social reaction theory.


1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True

Criminal Justice

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