Describe the transduction process for gustatory signals
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Taste receptors code for five qualities (sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami). Each receptor type involves a different transduction process. Hydrogen ions generate a sour taste, which controls a potassium channel. Bitter and sweet tastes are coded for by receptors containing gustducin and that reduce cyclic AMP. Sweet receptors also are coded by gustducin receptors but increase cyclic AMP. The umami signal involves a specific glutamate receptor (mGluR4). The pleasant taste of fat seems linked to receptors that detect free fatty acids in foods.
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Making someone who is afraid of snakes handle dozens of snakes in an effort to get him to overcome his fear is called __________
a. systematic desensitization b. aversive conditioning c. flooding d. paradoxical intent
In terms of gender differences, females
a. tend to emerge as leaders when the group to which they belong needs to accomplish a specific task. b. are more likely to offer assistance to others when a situation demands physical aid. c. tend to be more expressive and empathetic in their relationships. d. are less intimate in their relationships. e. react to provocation withgreater anger when young.
The fact that children __________ provides evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate
A) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions B) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel overwhelming guilt when they violate standards C) who feel little guilt frequently have loving and nurturing parents D) who grow up in abusive households tend to violate standards infrequently
Maia is interested in comparing avoidance conditioning between humans and rats. She sets up an experiment in which both species will be shocked every 30 seconds unless they press a button. She will probably find
a. rats always learn the task more quickly than humans. b. humans always learn to avoid the shock much faster than rats. c. humans learn faster than rats only if given verbal instructions. d. no significant difference in the learning ability of the two species.