Answer feedback: The phenomenon of behavioral contrast appears in the fact that the peak of the S+S- gradient in Lesson 44 was higher than that of the tone-on S+ gradient in Lesson 40. However, the phenomenon appears in pigeons but not necessarily in real rats that learn to discriminate between tones of different frequencies.

a. a shaping hierarchy.
b. beginning at the first step in the shaping hierarchy.
c. a protracted training program consisting of a large number of small steps.
d. previous magazine training in order to establish a secondary reinforcer.


c. a protracted training program consisting of a large number of small steps.

Psychology

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