How would an increase in cigarette taxes succeed according to the following criteria: collecting a large amount of tax revenue; distorting demand as little as possible; discouraging consumption of harmful commodities?
Assuming demand for cigarettes is fairly inelastic among adults, the tax is a good candidate for collecting a lot of revenue. As price increases as a consequence of the additional tax, quantity demanded will not decrease much. So the government will get additional tax revenue on a large quantity. The cigarette tax also does well by not distorting demand very much, since higher price causes only a small change in consumption for the inelastic case. The tax also discourages consumption of a harmful commodity, although by a small amount if demand is inelastic.
Since the demand for cigarettes is more elastic among younger smokers, the effects would be different. The tax causes the price of cigarettes to rise, causing a greater reduction in smoking among teens, and thus the government will be not increase its revenues very much-in fact, revenues may actually decrease. In this case the tax does distort demand considerably.
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In the movie "Baby Boom", Dianne Keaton finds out that a relative tragically died in an accident and bequeathed her an infant. The movie then explores how Dianne Keaton makes fundamentally different choices as a result of this unexpected change in her life. It makes the point that new parents often emphasize -- our "tastes change" when children enter the household. a. Consider Dianne Keaton's budget constraint over leisure (on the horizontal axis) and consumption (on the vertical). What is the slope of the budget constraint? Indicate her optimal choice A prior to finding out she suddenly has an infant child. b. Suppose that the child came with a trust fund that permits Dianne Keaton to charge any child-related expenses to that fund. Thus, the child does not come with any additional
expenses - and the budget constraint you derived in part (a) does not change. Still, we observe that Dianne Keaton now chooses more leisure and less consumption. What must have happened to the marginal rate of substitution at the bundle A in order for us to make sense of Dianne Keaton's change in behavior? c. Draw the indifference curve through A before and after Dianne Keaton finds out she suddenly has a child. If you ordinarily saw two such indifference curves (outside the context of this example), could you think that these could emerge from the same map of indifference curves or would you think they represent indifference curves from two different people whose tastes differ? Explain. d. Economists tend to resist the temptation of explaining changes in behavior as resulting from changes in tastes. Rather, we tend to think of changes in behavior as arising from changes in circumstances. Suppose that Dianne Keaton's tastes are actually over three "goods" - consumption of goods and leisure -- and "consumption" of children. Dianne Keaton's true indifference curves would thus be three dimensional - with your graphs so far representing two dimensional "slices". When viewed in this light, could the 2-dimensional indifference curves you graphed in (c) arise from a single set of 3-dimensional indifference surfaces? Explain (without attempting to graph anything in 3 dimensions). e. Suppose that it had always been an option for Dianne Keaton to adopt a child, and suppose that the cost of doing so is negligible. If Dianne Keaton reports being happier after she inherits her relative's child, was she fully optimizing before (assuming that she attaches no particular value to the fact that the child she inherited was her relative's)? f. In principle, could Dianne Keaton's tastes be such that she works more when she gets the child and is still happier than before? Under the usual assumption about tastes - and treating children the way we treat goods - could Dianne Keaton be less happy as a result of getting the child? What will be an ideal response?
Refer to Table 9-13. Consider a simple economy that produces only three products: tacos, earplugs, and toothbrushes. Use the information in the table to calculate the inflation rate for 2016, as measured by the consumer price index
What will be an ideal response?
All Nash equilibria consist of Dominant Strategies
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
If an increase in quantity demanded of a product reduces the quantity demanded of another, then the two goods are said to be substitutes
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false