Using a transactional approach to stress, the nurse recognizes that a person's response to stress depends on:
A) the nature of the environmental threat that requires a response.
B) a physiological response to stress
C) the person's perceived meaning of the stressful event.
D) the fight-or-flight response.
C) the person's perceived meaning of the stressful event.
Explanation: A) Using the stimulus conceptualization of stress, stress is seen as an environmental threat or danger that requires response, such as a physical threat or the death of a loved one.
B) The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) focuses on the body's physiologic response to stress. It is best viewed as an adaptive response to stress that consists of three distinct stages: a pattern of alarm followed by a stage of resistance as the individual attempts to compensate for changes induced by the stage of alarm. A stage of exhaustion can follow if the individual cannot successfully adapt to the physiologic changes that occur during the stage of resistance.
C) The conceptualization of stress as a transaction emphasizes individual perception (or appraisal) of the given event as the most significant factor in the process. The response depends on how the event or situation interacts with the individual's existing coping resources and the perceived meaning of the event.
D) In the GAS, the sympathetic system is responsible for the release of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine), which activate the fight-or-flight response.
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