How effective was the Byzantine Empire in confronting the challenges it faced in the Middle Ages? Be sure to identify specific challenges and evaluate the effectiveness of the empire's response to each challenge
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
a. Challenge: Hostile neighbors surrounded the empire.
b. Response: North Africa and Italy were reorganized into exarchates headed by governors who held both civilian and military authority. This was intended to strengthen the Byzantine Empire's hold on its western provinces.
c. Effectiveness: It was not effective as southern Spain was conquered by the Visigoths, Carthage by the Muslims, and Ravenna by the Lombards.
d. Challenge: War and invasion caused economic troubles.
e. Response: The imperial state maintained a stable currency and established monopolies over goods such as silk.
f. Effectiveness: Imperial control of the economy supported a monetary economy and protected state interests. Muslim conquests in the seventh century, however, triggered an economic downturn from which the Byzantine Empire could not recover.
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