What were the results of the 1998 study by Bruce Rind, Philip Tromovitch, and Robert Bauserman?

a. Numerical age should not be used to define whether sexual interaction occurred between an adult and a child; rather, one's sexual maturity should be used instead.
b. Most children of sexual abuse are partially responsible for the abuse taking place because of their specific mannerisms, vulnerabilities and tendencies to display signs of sexual maturity at an earlier age than most other children.
c. Not all adult-child sexual interactions should be considered abuse; the term "abuse" should be reserved for cases in which the adult-child sexual interaction was not consensual or the child had a negative reaction to the event.
d. The mothers of children who were sexually abused by their fathers are just as culpable as the fathers themselves, even if they were consciously unaware of the abuse.


ANS: C

Interdisciplinary Studies

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