Define "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs) and explain why they are crucial to our body's immune response against pathogens? Limit your answer to two sentences
What will be an ideal response?
ANS:
PAMPs are conserved features of pathogens not found in hosts that help the immune system to specifically target pathogens without turning against the host's own healthy cells.
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Consider a tadpole becoming a toad. You would expect to find it changing its form of nitrogenous waste from ________ to __________.
A. ammonia, urea B. urea, ammonia C. uric acid, urea D. urea, uric acid E. uric acid, ammonia
A physician sends a stool sample to your lab, and wants to know if there are lactose fermenting microbes in the sample. How might you determine if these microbes are present or not from this mixed-microbe specimen?
A. Streak the sample for isolation on Thayer-Martin agar (which contains lactose and particular antibiotics for selectivity). B. Streak the sample for isolation on a blood agar plate (which contains lactose AND red blood cells that enrich the culture for iron). C. Streak the sample for isolation on a MacConkey agar plate (which contains lactose and a pH indicator that turns pink when acid byproducts are present). D. None of the above would work-there's no way to reliably determine this feature from the specimen given.
Which of the following is false about animals?
a. they are multicellular. b. they are heterotrophic. c. they are autotrophs. d. they lack cell walls. e. most can actively move.
Physicians have used imaging techniques for medical diagnosis for some time, but recently have begun usage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which depends on _____.
A. ultrasound B. X-rays C. the behavior of hydrogen atoms in water molecules in a strong magnetic field D. sound waves