Critically ill patients on a ventilator are at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Sources of VAP include: (Select all that apply.)
a. bacteria in the oral pharynx.
b. dental plaque.
c. chlorhexidine rinses.
d. frequent oral hygiene.
A, B
VAP results from the colonization of bacteria in the oral pharynx. These microorganisms then translocate from the mouth into the lungs. Dental plaque is also a reservoir for microorganisms causing VAP. Because of this, guidelines for oral care in ventilator patients and in those who need assistance with oral hygiene often include the use of a chlorhexidine rinse as part of oral hygiene. Chlorhexidine early in the postintubation period may help delay the onset or development of VAP.
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The conventional transducer method will be used to measure a patient's intra-abdominal pressure. Which interventions will the nurse use in this measurement?
1. Connect the transducer to the patient's peripheral intravenous line. 2. Place the head of the patient's bed flat. 3. Inject 20-25 mL of saline into the indwelling urinary catheter port. 4. Calibrate the transducer at the level of the patient's pubis. 5. Obtain the measurement at the beginning of respiration.
A 33-year-old female patient is currently taking captopril (Capoten) and metoprolol (Lopressor) to control her blood pressure. She tells you that she plans to become pregnant. What should you teach the patient about the use of this drug during pregnancy?
a. ACE inhibitors affect women differently than men. b. ACE inhibitors have fewer side effects than other hypertension drugs. c. ACE inhibitors should not be prescribed for women who are pregnant. d. ACE inhibitors are only safe for use during the third trimester of pregnancy.
A female client has an anxiety disorder. Her nurse psychotherapist recommends the behavioral technique of reciprocal inhibition. The client asks, "What's that?" Which is the most appropriate nursing response?
A) "Using your imagination, we will attempt to achieve a state of relaxation." B) "Because anxiety and relaxation are mutually exclusive states, we can attempt to substitute a relaxation response for the anxiety response." C) "Through a series of increasingly anxiety-provoking steps, we will gradually increase your tolerance to anxiety." D) "In one intense session, you will be exposed to a maximum level of anxiety that you will learn to tolerate."
Which nursing scholar was the first to document the following criteria for analyzing theories: scope, complexity, testability, usefulness, implicit values of the theorist, information generation, and meaningful terminology?
A) Hardy B) Ellis C) Chinn D) Meleis