Which theory of carcinogenesis has the most support?
A. Autoantibodies attacking specific "self" tissues
B. DNA damage inducing the overexpression of oncogenes
C. Failure of embryonic tissues to undergo normal differentiation
D. Dietary ingestion of cancer cells from animal-derived food products
B
Cancer arises from normal cells that have experienced gene damage. The result of the gene damage is the activation of genes (oncogenes) that induce cell division, even when it is not needed for normal growth. This abnormal growth increases the risk for transformation of normal cells to cancer cells.
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A nurse is preparing to administer gentamicin (Garamycin), IV, to a hospitalized child. Before administering the medication, the nurse checks the drug trough level, which is 13 µg/mL. Which action by the nurse is the priority for this child?
A. Administer the medication. B. Document the findings. C. Have the laboratory re-run the specimen. D. Notify the health-care provider.
The parents of a child with ADHD tell the nurse clinician "We try to teach him how to behave, but
he does not listen. He just rushes in and does things his way. We feel as though we are terrible parents.". The most helpful reply would provide information about a. children with difficult temperaments. b. ADHD risk as it relates to marital discord. c. traumatic life events as precipitating factors in ADHD. d. the relationship of ADHD and dopamine system abnormalities.
Evidence-based public health:
1. Is an integration of the best available nursing expertise. 2. Is derived from community principles to fit the area where it is practiced. 3. Is a health endeavor that makes informed use of evidence. 4. Includes only one source: public health records.
As a patient diagnosed with a mental illness is being discharged from a facility, a nurse invites the patient to the annual staff picnic. What is the best analysis of this scenario?
a. The invitation facilitates dependency on the nurse. b. The nurse's action blurs the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship. c. The invitation is therapeutic for the patient's diversional activity deficit. d. The nurse's action assists the patient's integration into community living.