What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?
a. State-mandated segregation was unconstitutional.
b. Only states, not the federal government, could pass laws requiring private businesses to provide equal access to black and white customers.
c. Private businesses could not deny service to black citizens, though they could require black customers to make use of separate rooms or facilities from the ones used by white customers.
d. State governments could enact laws which disenfranchised entire black communities as long as the laws were not explicitly based on race.
b. Only states, not the federal government, could pass laws requiring private businesses to provide equal access to black and white customers.
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The post-Reconstruction South was a difficult place for freed African-Americans to enter into society as new citizens. A caravan of 300 freed African-Americans known as "Exodusters" left Kentucky and settled in Nicodemus, Kansas
This town became one of the earliest African-American towns and speaks to the opportunity for diversity found in the West. Despite issues of conflict between ranchers and farmers over fencing, grass rights, and land ownership there was space to start a life built on hard work and with a minimum of social stigma. What issues compelled the "Exodusters" to travel west? What challenges might they have faced similar to others who relocated and what challenges were unique to them?
If you had been a Shawnee follower of Black Hoof, you would have __________
A) assimilated to white culture B) sought support from the British in Canada C) fled as far west as you could D) joined other tribes resisting white expansion
Why did recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools become a new characteristic of American public life in the 1890s?
A) as a reaction to industrialization B) to follow the model of Britain C) in response to the high tide of immigration D) as a celebration of local founders days in towns and cities
What was the "middle passage"?
a. The trip from the interior of Africa to the coast b. A trip taken in the middle part of a ship c. The journey taken by indentured servants to the colonies d. A gruesome ocean voyage endured by slaves from Africa to America, which often resulted in death e. The cost of shipping slaves from Africa to Virginia