A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular:
a. sodium.
b. potassium.
c. magnesium.
d. calcium.
ANS: D
Increased intracellular calcium levels activate cell enzymes (caspases) that promote cell death by apoptosis. Persistent ischemia is associated with irreversible injury and necrosis. Irreversible inju-ry is associated structurally with severe swelling of the mitochondria, severe damage to plasma membranes, and swelling of lysosomes. Cellular injury is not associated with sodium, potassium, or magnesium levels.
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