What threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design?
a. Instrumentation effects
b. Mortality effects
c. History effects
d. Selection bias
ANS: B
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A Instrumentation effects or testing effects can occur in many types of research design and are not more likely in longitudinal design.
B A major disadvantage of longitudinal design is loss of research subjects.
C History effects can occur in any kind of research design.
D Selection bias is due to problems with sampling processes rather than design issues.
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