Which of the following are associated with a decreased end-tidal PCO2? 1. Decreased metabolic rate 2. Increase in lung perfusion 3. Rapid and very shallow breathing 4. Decreased CO2 production
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 2 and 4 only
d. 1, 3, and 4 only
ANS: D
Positive pressure ventilation (especially with PEEP), pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrest, and pulmonary hypoperfusion also may cause an increase in PaCO2 to PETCO2 gradient
[P(a–ET)CO2]. Exercise and a large tidal volume can reverse the P(a–ET)CO2 gradient, the PETCO2 can actually exceed the PaCO2.
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