After observing an increase in behavior following the contingent presentation of tokens, the most scientifically sound procedure for determining the effectiveness of tokens as reinforcers was
a. removal of tokens from the environment
b. paired presentation
c. non-contingent presentation
d. Non-random presentation
Answer: c. non-contingent presentation
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Which of the following is true regarding the role of genes in schizophrenia??
a. ?A single gene has been identified for schizophrenia that is present in most families that experience more than one case of the disorder. b. ?There is little support for a genetic basis for schizophrenia. c. ?Based on adoption studies, socioeconomic status is more determinative of schizophrenia than genetic factors. d. ?A large number of different genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia and appear to overlap with those involved with bipolar disorder.
Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?
A) The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers. B) Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses. C) Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children. D) The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.
According to the text, why is early maturation such a problem for girls in the West?
a. Because Western cultures value thinness in females' appearances. b. Delayed physical development draws attention from younger boys. c. They have more favorable body images and have lower levels of estrogen. d. Pubertal changes affect muscle development and growth spurts.
Which of the following factors associated with burnout tends to be more likely to affect the police officer's behavior at home?
A. Emotional exhaustion B. Depersonalization C. Reduced personal accomplishment D. Seven-year syndrome