The symptoms of constipation (e.g., abdominal discomfort, headache, and nausea) are due to which of the following?

a. inhibition of gastric emptying.
b. absorption of toxins of bacterial origin from the colon.
c. prolonged distention of the large intestine by the fecal mass.
d. exhaustion due to frequent straining movements in an effort to initiate the defecation reflex.
e. the accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the colon.


C

Anatomy & Physiology

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